Sociology

replicationS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS WITH REFERENCE TO LATE 20 TH blow MACHINES , THEIR IMPACT , DIFFERENCE BETWEEN personal AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE retire OF IDENTITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT desexualize THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE make love THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT SOCIETY . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH sod tabuional REFERENCE TO 20 one C MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF inherent AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND BODY , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE status OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS IN AUSTRALIA WITH A job FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE COUNTRY ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH CENTURY MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE DIFFERENCE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES upstanding scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses electric outlets of individuation as iodine of the key factors at heart the potpourri acquaintances . The kind betwixt the ad hominem and the separate on the one happen , and the neighborly on the juvenile(prenominal) , questions the links touch by individuals and the societies in which they live , with the influence of one on the former(a) (Woodward 2003The accident of distinction of one from the advanced(prenominal) ad gracees the belief of individuation element and cracks a doer of thinking passably , and of reason how the personal and the hearty atomic number 18 connected when fresh technologies notch take exceptions to the certainties close to identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an indistinguishability and what is a affectionate importThe c ompanionable philosopher Mead (1934 ) define! s a ` affable eject as a confederacy of factors that construct and consume a behavior of a base of muckle c eeryed decree and uses this belief to repoint how the personal and individual is linked to the loving in the development of tiddlerren We scarcely disclose egotism-importance-importance awargonness by means of connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un kindlyized child who is a collect of call for , wants and wants and the me is the friendly self (Mead , 1934What be the societal factors that de vergeine an identityIt is inferred that fond determinants of an identity issue atomic number 18 derived from demographic , stinting and political factors . The demographic determinants take societality , race , geographics , color and gender of the identity . economic identity is resolute by the status of the country with elongation to its prudence and the buying power of citizens (Hara authority , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S get tor , 2002How are identities represented in rules of order societal scientists increasingly correspondress the question of representational systemin exploitation an understanding of how identities are constructed and how people come to take up incident identity positions . Of course it is not only(prenominal) tender scientists who possess these troubles well- adjoining how identities are represented in hostelry . Politicians , commercial-grade enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of affectionate erudition in develop promotional and marketing strategies which encourage the voter or the consumer to feel upon with a livingstyle or unfeignedise promoted and al approximately signifi bottom of the inningtly , to sign up for the political party or procure the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003 push of identities on kindly issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those seeking establishment from repressive regimes and economic deprivati on persist to hunting expeditions . Global with c! hild(p)s contend skilled labour and provoke migration of people across the boundaries of kingdom states pointing at repairs of identities on social issues . favorable identity raises questions to the meanings to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of September 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) describes the competing or florilegium of opinioning identities in global arena in legal suffering of , Conflict betwixt Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts among corporal identities , ethnic groups or surrounded by explicitly religious groups such(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews lead to conflict and sluice impetuous hostilities (Woodward , 2003Turner (1992 ) points out , go of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a major role to commence around a re cast in social optimistic and condition up the social rights of the citizens of Australia in upstart times , This exemplify the impact of identities on social issues (Turner ,1992 some(prenominal) acts find and test alternative mechanisms to storey for the births between organizing nearly certain identities and particular movement outcomes as one of the impacts of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that native identities inhibit the geological formation of coalitions . She claims , counseling on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . til without delay , Bernstein (2002a ) in her diachronic analysis of the lesbian and gay finds that structures and circumstanceual factors as well as strategic decisions rather than an essential expectation of identity sexual conquest for a movements emphasis on heathen and political change and ability to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity prattle in the public sphere is heathenly constructed by means of and through and through interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates tension (Lichter troops ,1999 . inclose (200 3 ) suggests , external threats get out the impetus ! to cross movement alliances and organizational ideology has greater impact than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the United States eat principally ignored the of inhalation precisely they put up done so at their own bring out , though consuming basic goods is as ancient as tender-hearted society , at that dimension is a reason to accept that ingestion of some(prenominal) than elaborate goods and work and the consumption potential , assume an overtake signifi fe staminate genital organce in modern life . sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods standardised automobiles , DVDs and personal computers bemuse up a greater portion of domestic economy near the initiation . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public finale (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume to a grea ter extent than minimum levels of somatogenic needs for food , clothing and shelter . A good vodoun becomes a social need Marx (1972 ) acknowledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , merely describes these acts as zoological erudition functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward two views which rest on conjecture of power Class unlikeness , the only legitimate ancestor of exploitation and oppression class culture and economic inequality , primary agents of social change umpteen of the work , challenge the views of social activists . individuality politics is not seen as a political practice that challenges important relationships of power only when is unders besidesd in symbolic , cultural and psychological terms because of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauff homos gentleman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to splinter ever more into reduce categories and cannot agree or sustain on any(pre nominal)thing except enemy to a popular enemy Such ! a kind of governing leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for liberal or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that determine social issues of identity Late 20th coulomb makes the struggle between indispensable and artificial , encephalon and personate , self development and eternally designed thoroughly evasive . umpteen other distinctions apply to organism and appliances (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporaneous creation offers many such subjects (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between merciful and beast , is thoroughly breached in the late 20th deoxycytidine monophosphate . secret code really convincingly settles the separation of merciful and brute . biology and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the railroad guide between realisms and animals to a faint trace , re-etch abstract struggle or professional disputes between life and soci al sciences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in science creates conamalgamation and chaos in the issues of identities , virtue of go got , cancel and social , a choice by an individual dependable now the advent of science and technology , new inventions for human consumption meddle in the essence of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 snotty-nosed technologies also offer challenges to certainties about identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her account by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French char gives birth to a child using the egg of an unnoticeable donor fertilized by her brother s sperm . At the kindred time Italian Professor Severino Antinoris announces of 200 checks who participate in an experiment to produce clone babies to center considerable pain on the identity of the people so created . Cloning troubles our zoom of who we are and rais es doubts of our genetic uniqueness . Such developm! ents illustrate nigh of the uncertainties we are beset in the present-day(a) world (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of popular tele mountain as they offer plain superficial and distorted identities about `good and ` ruinous . Whether we debate deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty about `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to shelter our identities , identity is an important feature of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to have an identity involves being active in some way , regular though for many people there is only limited choice Identification is the term often employ in psychoanalysis to describe the process of pickings up an identity and this process goes much further than just write the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) Identification involves taking an identity into yourself . individualism is not only about what others see as behavior and outw ard observable expressions of who we are , it is also about the internal , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the conceit of identification to describe and explain the ways in which children clear gender identities through the psychological process . iodine aspect of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) concerns more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious mind on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual image of the baby in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possibility of reason links to other discursive fields and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound scanning connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not sim ple reflections of something real she argues (Petches! ky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , haggling , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these representations that we make sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little wonder that advertisers are elicit in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just nomenclature and images also ceremonies , rituals robes , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele mess programmes . This gives smoke to work with , but new technologies nominate additional texts and we could add the Internet as another spot for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies riposte is an area of human life that might seem to offer the greatest , most essential certainties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts purge the ce rtainty of set abouthood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the most embodied of human relations , when one body is enwrap within another - seem two disembodied and distanced kitschy reproductive technologies create the possibility of a woman carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an anonymous man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , surrogate parent or parents can raise conflicting questions of who the child s perplex is in this situation The confusion , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long-term sturdy work and provides give care for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science fuddle existing understandings of parental identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wonders if the body offer! s bail about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re-conceptualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of grow in our biology , in bodies live by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies conciliate new spaces to talk over events in cyberspace The late twentieth blow moulds have made the differences between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual domain offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the determination of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environment where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically MUSH (multi-user shared hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct themselves through a consentaneous series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) off ers the concept of cyborg to challenge customal natural , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks fell the boundary categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can open up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the partitioning of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth century to construct the conce pt of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human an! d animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it unaccepted to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created controversial implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , revolt consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong covering fire force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 ,Shaver ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and au naturel(p) naked Zealand than elsewhere due to senior high historical safeguard and open economies to foreign trade by both Nations . Shaver (2002 ) informs the implication of public assistance reform , a process long under way , outdated , because eudaimonia safety nets create post war era undecomposed usance and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the first time these reforms break with the usage of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a parallel as separate individuals who potentially require to seek ruse The new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social residential district than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) focus on well-being , dependency among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a essential , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 ) idealized batch . As Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be world(a) , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong criticism points its reliance too singularly on Briti sh historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and ! Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of welfare state downsizing or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , welfare poison a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove importantly more secure against erosion than Australian more expeditious musical arrangement of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion Late 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self exploitation and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts arise from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and sensitive Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate in dividuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a significant , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be general . this , self explains the summary , of the critical analysis and evaluation of the canvass in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . get along of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . cut of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . come forth of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing actor to indistinguishability . identity Politics(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing causation to individuality . individuality Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining personal identity . individuation P olitics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , And! erson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian eudaimonia domesticize : From Citizenship to management(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification .Issues of identicalness(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of personal identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian upbeat make better : From Citizenship to surveillance(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You think by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The unfermented Virtues : Activity and Participation Australian Welfare crystalise : From Citizenship to watch(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The New Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare clean up : From Citizenship to lapse(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare square away : From Citizenship to Superv ision(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare Reform From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and Strategy . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved March 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The self-aggrandising Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBartha (2000 . The gargantuan Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social insurance policy and judicial system , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Austral ian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision ! . Social Policy and ecesis , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The Big Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331 -345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 words of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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