Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals - Essay ExampleThe essay Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse as Rivals highlights the challenger of two of the twentieth centurys renowned artists Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Matisse Picasso is the first exhibition that was dedicated to the enduring parley of the two artists. They were impressed by the artistic prowess of each other from the time they met in 1906. Matisse Picasso tells a story of two artists who were driven to great accomplishments despite their personal differences. Matisse and Picassos subject stories captured nursing as a significant topic in their art disciplines. A model for Matisse, one of the most intriguing stories on Matisse follows the story of a nun called Jacques-Marie. She was hired as a soak up for Matisse in 1941 when he was sick. trance attending to his medical posits, she became close to him, a model, spiritual guide and an inspiration for Matisses art. Jacques-Marie also cognise as Monique Bourgeois r esponded to an advertisement placed by Henri Matisse. He was in search of a young, stunning night nurse. As their friendship got stronger Matisses work also got better. He created a work that he considered as his greatest life achievement. He called it The Chapel of the Rosary in Venice. Matisse referred to Marie as The True initiator of the Chapel. When Matisse asked Marie about his work, she told Matisse that she likes the colors but not the drawings. This made Matisse repeat his works to the desired perfection. This was after he discovered that Marie was an amateur artist. (Matisse, bonnet and Picasso 13). Picasso, on the other hand, did a painting that depicted a catch nursing an babe. He dated a young woman called Eva who died shortly after. He moved on to date and later marry Olga, a Russian woman. They had a boy child together forward their relationship deteriorated. Picasso had an affair with a nurse called Marie-Therese Walter. These events influenced his later works including his painting of a mother breastfeeding an infant (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 34). In the artistic exchange of the two artists, Matisse wanted to articulate an assenting vision of the world. Picasso, on the other hand, wanted everything. Matisse was generous in his artwork and expressions. Picasso had a panache for the new, the unanticipated issues in his work. He created new pieces of work. Matisse strengthened the interaction of color in his pieces of work, speckle Picassos work emphasized on the structure and form. The polarity that existed between them was strong. Thus, they needed each others comparison and contrast to find their artistic work at their best. The works of these two artists can be likened to the nursing profession (Matisse, Cowling and Picasso 263). Nurses are professionals who must always attend to their patients with care. They must always be closer to their patients, know what they need and understand their entire medical concerns. They need to be gentle and respectful. They work with other professionals in their places of work base on work interests, as opposed to friendship. Picasso and Matisse present narrative subjects that can be apply to the nursing profession. They two artists had a relationship such as that shared by a nurse and a doctor. Nurses and doctors are not brought together by friendship but need. A doctor inevitably a nurse to help in delivering his work. The nurse must help the doctor perform nonaged responsibilities at the place of work. However, their needs force them to work together for the benefit of the two. Picasso and Matisses relationship was based on their needs rather than friendship. Picasso worked with a certain form of eruptive and emotional need while Matisse worked with function

CALIFORNIA HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

atomic number 20 HISTORY - Essay ExampleThe gold rush saw the influx of people into the region, and the autochthonal Americans entrap they were under pressure in their home. The native populations decreased at an alarming rate due to the oddment of natural resources. In the process of mining gold, water resources were damaged and the fish which the natives fed on died. otherwise game such as deers which were a source of food also left because of the increasing gentle population. Under this strain, the native population moved deeper into the forest areas as their numbers diminished. In 1911, however, a creation belonging to this tribe emerged from the Mount Lassen region. Since he did not guard a name the anthropologists named him Ishi. He was the culture man of the Yana tribe. The story of Ishi is fundamental in the history of California since it gives the roots of the people in that region. It has, however, been give tongue to that retelling of the story by anthropologists such as Theodora are attempts to elicit sympathy for the Native American population. The Native American tribes that have since gone extinct are described as ignoble savages. They are believed to have had no art, religion, technology or government that warranted them to be called a culture. They are thought by several(prenominal) people to have been unworthy inhabitants of California region since they did not develop the natural resources of the place. This, in my opinion, is a mistaken view of the Native American. ... Culture takes into account the ability to specify. When Ishi came into contact with civilization, he was able to be integrated. He learnt their behavioural patterns, and started to act like one of them. This shows that these natives had the ability to learn. The only difference is that what he had to learn in his society was different from the things he could learn from the civilized world. Ishi was a man of Stone come on culture but that made him no less of a hum an being. The customs of the Yana separated males and females. At a tender age they were cared for by their mothers but at the age of ten, the separation was implemented. Boys and girls were then incomplete allowed to sleep, or play together. The boys left with their fathers or any other male relative so as to learn the necessary skills. This differentiation based on gender roles makes the Yana a society that understood what energize roles meant. This was a vital feature of their culture. The separation of the sexes was to the extent that male and female dialects of the language were different (Kroeber and Kroeber). biography and death was sacred to these people as evidenced by the practices they kept. When someone died, they were burnt and the remains inhumed under a rock. This marked the grave, and kept the animals away from the bones. This practice of burning the dead is still well(p) in todays society. The reasons are different though for this. They had their own way of ack nowledging life and death. They realise the different genders and assigned societal roles along the same lines. Claiming that these people did not have aspects of life that warranted them to be a culture is a mistaken view. Art varies from society to the next. The Yahi community had a different gentle of Art

Federalists had better argumernt about the costitution and they should Essay

Federalists had check argumernt about the costitution and they should work toward ballpark good - Essay ExampleWill democracy function give way in a bear-sizedr heterogeneous community or a smaller homogenous? From the arguments presented, I believe democracy will function in a astronomicalr heterogeneous community than a small homogenous one. Madison (56) makes an argument favoring large re populaces unlike small republics for choosing fit characters in public voice representation (62). The probability of electing competent representatives is broader in a larger republic where the candidates and the voters numbers argon great. This is because of the wide option avail able-bodied to the voters. It is easier to fool the voters in a small republic by the candidates and harder in a larger one (Madison 62). Additionally, in a small republic, creative activity of variety of parties is low compared to large republics where parties are many. Therefore, in small republics, it would be easier to work and agree to accomplish their ideas. However, in a large republic, different amours will be greater hence harder to determine the majority (Miroff 20). For a long term many people have had arguments against the new Constitution with many claims that governance in United States as a democracy or a republic would be too large and had many factions as they used to refer to political parties by then. As much as Madison (56) acknowledged existence of numerous differing factions or groups, he pass on indicates that a democratic form of government activity whereby ideal dominion of the majority is used would control the factions and make them cooperate and work together possibly. Furthermore, republican government created in the proposed federalists new Constitution provided the factions avenues to express their ideas and influence governments workings by ensuring their members are decreed or elected to offices (Madison 56). Moreover, Madison (60) further states that minority groups with no doubt will be defend as the factions will have to negotiate their differences. In this manner, the republic will create a government system in which the majority will rule. However, the ideas and the suggestions of the minority will have to be considered by the government. Miroff (19) further points out that the many existing factions would imply that no single faction will be able to take full government control. Consequently, this will give rise to politics at the time as all parties will fight to dominate. Should elected representatives vote based on their superior expertise and greater sense of the common good or should they base their vote on the views of their constituents Voting enables citizens to voice their interest and to practice his/her Constitutional rights. However, due to existence of factions, violence exists. Factions according to Madison (60) mean a army of people united by the same passions, interest and beliefs. To pursue and to realize these common goals, they dont regard the other citizens rights especially the minorities. Madison (59) further affirms that the groups when assembled to form majority, always have a business with governments that are supported by the people. From the federalists point of view, it comes out clearly that they proposed elected representatives unlike the voting of common citizens. According to Miroff (28), the most common and long lasting source of the groups or factions is unequal property distribution. diaphanous interests are formed in the society among

Jewish Museum Berlin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jewish Museum Berlin - Essay ExampleUnder it, one would see an free-lance infrastructure on the outside though both(prenominal) the new and old edifices are interconnected underground. there is a second underground tunnel that directs one to the E.T.A Hoffmann Garden or The Garden of Exile and a final underground tunnel that leads from the Museum to the Holocaust Tower which is a 79 foot tall forsake silo. This final tunnel is an empty concrete where light can only come through a small slit of the roof that covers it. These three tunnels are three spaces that represents the connection of the realities of Jewish life in Germany- Continuity of that history, Emigration from Germany, and of course, the Holocaust. Today, there is a multifunctional space that gave way to the establishment of the Museums restaurant and withal an area to hold lectures, concerts, and events while still keeping up with the Baroque style of architecture. 1A lot about the infrastructures architecture has a lot to do with the cultural circumstances, both social and intellectual of that time. The interconnections of the three tunnels actually represented Berlin politics at that time where East and watt Germany was starting to build and develop a relationship on the year 1960s which only came to a halt when they started competing with each other in year 1989. The spaces that are readily felt and seen inside the building highlights that relationship which was anything but static, resulted by the political clashes afterwards.The Museums extension, showed the re-integration of the understanding of politics and social significance at that time which is hoped to bring the East and the West Germany together. Also, the changing mood of the entrants from the cool and neutral spaces to a entire and zigzag design which earned the name Blitz are a strong symbolism of the shaky and ever changing history at that time

Exploring Design and Experience in the Urban Environment-Derek Jeter Research Paper

Exploring Design and Experience in the Urban Environment-Derek Jeter Gym - Research Paper ExampleIn order to eliminate health hazards and to maintaining crack health, various gymnasiums or physical seaworthiness centers are operating within the country. The revolutionary Derek Jeter 24 instant seaworthiness alliance is located in New York. Derek Jeter was the most prestigious shortstop in the Major confederation Baseball (MLB), for the entire career, he played for New York Yankees. The characteristic of Derek Jeter contains a dominant and prominent player. Furthermore, his achievements end-to-end his career are as follows (Signature clubs) Sixth overall player selected in the 1992 baseball draft 1996 AL Rookie of the course of instruction Four Gold Gloves (2004, 2005, 2006, 2009) Five World Series championships Eleven All-Star appearances 2009 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year Lifetime batting aver period of .314 (through Sept 2010) The collaboration of Derek Jeter with the 24 minute fitness club added sweet value. In fact, the club enjoys the comp any of 3.5 million club segments along with 20,000 team members globally with a 27 years history. It is the largest privately owned club in the country. The most notable aspect of this club involves 24 hours availability. This means that members can join anytime they want, round the clock. In general, people with tight schedules and work time pee-pee the freedom to customize their workout schedules whenever they are available. The Derek Jeter 24 hour fitness club welcomes all age type males and females members. More than a thousand male and female members visit the 24 hour fitness club during the weekdays. Members of almost all ages are hiked and wear a comfortable outfit for light-headed expansion of body parts and perform cardio, yoga and strength gaining classes. The trainers at the club are smart, supportive and encourage members a lot. Moreover, they are all well dressed having fresh faces an d communicate effectively with members. Furthermore, a member operates on cardio exercises, yoga, and strength training etc. on cardio equipmentconsisting of treadmills, stationary bikes, elliptical trainers and stair steppers. The club is the firstly to provide Nike + iPod experience where members can track and monitor workouts. History The 24 hour fitness club was founded in 1983 and operated as a single club operation located in San Laendro, Calif. Moreover, in the noncurrent 27 years, 24 hour fitness club has unwrapped the most clubs in the United States that any other exclusive operator and is at present, the largest private fitness club chain. Accordingly, the introduction of innovative mixture including the 24 hours fitness club and online memberships, the company is broadly recognized with the modifying industry landscape. In addition, the 24 hours fitness club has introduced a new concept of creating fitness opportunities easily accessible, affordable and flexible. In 20 03, the 24 hour business club turn out to be the first official fitness center condescend of the United States Olympic team and has rehabilitated support via London 2012 Olympic Games. The sponsorship was a granted memberships to U.S Olympic optimistic and consist of equipping the three U.S Olympic Training Centers in Colorado Springs, Colo., Lake Placid, N.Y. and Chula Vista, Calif. Furthermore, in 2010, the 24 hour fitness center sponsored five Olympians, Hopefuls and a Paralympian. The team of 24 hour fitness center consists of Athletes including Rockne Brubaker, Gretchen Bleiler, J.R. Celski, puzzle Fredericks, Chris

Improvement of My Language and Grammar Skills Essay

Improvement of My Language and Grammar Skills - Essay ExampleThis involves learning how to insert commas and quotation tag in the right places. Use of sentence conjunctions was also another problem. I could either omit the conjunctions or use wrong ones in my sentences. Tenses were also part of the problem. Differentiating between past, present, and future tenses were hard, and in most cases, I substituted present tense for past tense. Most of my sentences would lack meaning due to wrong tenses.There was a huge confusion when inserting phrases and vocabulary in sentences. I could use wrong vocabularies, wrong phrases, and wrong prepositions in most sentences. This gave the reader a vague meaning of my examines. Most of my first essays were used simple sentences, which were wrong constructed. I lacked a variety of countersigns that I could use in the essays and had to repeat most of the words. However, this has changed since I joined this course. Through interaction with other stud ents and the English lessons in this course, I have expanded my intimacy of English language. I have learned different vocabularies and various sentence constructions that have improved my writing. The essay structure has also improved. This involves analyzing events sequentially to give the reader more understanding of the essay.In the essay I Want to Make a Difference, word choice was a big problem (McGeehan, 2012). This involves words such(prenominal) as bad vices yet there are no good vices. In this case, using the word vices only would give the reader the intended meaning. Some of the sentences were poorly done. I used unnecessary words, which do the sentences long and diluted their meaning. Some of the words reduce the captivity of the reader by the essay. By stating that I failed to give a bribe for a job contradicts the essay title since I wanted to inscribe in corruption instead of being different.

Health system policy #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health system constitution 2 - Essay ExampleThe theoretical radix and historical background of the DNR concept exit be taken up and an attempt will be made to tell what influences can impact the achievement of policy goals, as well as the changes that will be needed to engage stakeholders to improve effectiveness of the policy. Finally, the implication of this generic policy to the Saudi Arabian environment will be exploredEuthanasia (good death) is an intentional termination of life of a person by another at the explicit person who wishes to die. It is a mercy killing of an incurably ill person out of compassion. Active euthanasia is considered murder or manslaughter in most jurisdictions, maculation still euthanasia, of which a DNR process is one, is accepted by professional medical societies and is legal under original circumstances. A DNR order is a notation placed on a patients graph which states that if the patient should undergo respiratory or heart failure, no efforts s hould be made to resuscitate that individual. In passive euthanasia a persons death is hastened by altering some form of support and allow nature take its course without medical intervention such as turning off respirators, stop medications, or discontinuing feeding of food and water. It can also include giving the patient massive doses of morphine in order to relieve pain while hastening death, a practice that also considered ethical by medical societies (Euthanasia).It must be emphasized that a DNR order is generally considered a form of passive euthanasia. This is distinguished from active euthanasia - whereby a health care provider takes a deliberate exploit that will induce death, such as administering morphine, insulin or barbiturates, followed by an injection of curare (DNR reports)The DNR (Do-Not-Resuscitate) or DNAR (Do-No Attempt-Resuscitation) policy is

Hedley Bull And the Presence of the International Society Essay

Hedley Bull And the Presence of the International Society - Essay recitationThis report stresses that there are situations where despite a war taking place, no state is open to achieve victory, thus reaching a stalemate. Under such circumstances, both of these states take an active consumption in ensuring that the order is retained within the transnational society because long wars might lead to the knit of the state. This paper has attempted to agree with Hedley Bulls statement that the international society has continuously been a part of the world policy-making system. The international society has been based on the actions of states to make sure that their pencil lead interests are catered for while at the same time protecting their existence. In addition, within the world political system, the international society has been in existence mainly finished the influence of powerful states over weaker ones. Moreover, passim history, the world has been dominated by a need to ensure a balance of power so that the state systems that had developed could be protected. It is also essential to note that the international society has been developed by dint of the willingness of states to ensure that they adhere to international laws. Furthermore, diplomacy plays a crucial role in the formation of an international society because it allows for the development of constant contact between the governments of different states. Finally, despite its chaotic nature, war has always been an important factor in the formation of international society throughout history as seen through the various conflicts between states that have eventually resulted in stable systems.

(poverty)socio-political factors influencing the mental health of an Essay

(poverty)socio-political factors influencing the psychical wellness of an individual - Essay ExamplePoverty has a significant influence on physical and mental health. This paper presents a critique of the impact of poverty on the mental health of an individual.Poverty is strongly associated with social inequalities in the society. According to Nettleton (2006), unequal distribution of income leads to the emergence of a gap between diametrical income groups yet such(prenominal) groups require the same basic needs. The underprivileged group suffers psychosocial anxiety that contributes to weakening health and death in case of prolonged stress. Poor social and physical infrastructures result in little community health and mortality especially among the lowest social economic groups in such communities. In spite of stress, poor communities suffer frustration and unstable families and often exhibit tendencies towards domestic violence, criminal activities such as theft, murder and ra pe. These antisocial behaviors are also experienced in higher income groups but at a lower rate (Dalton et al. 2007). In one of my clinical placements I met a client named rear whos came from a poor neighborhood. He was worried about insecurity and was stressed after his miss was sexually assaulted by three young men.Hearden (2008) argues that the poor are exposed to hazardous environments and even when in employment are engaged in stressful, unfulfilling and depersonalizing activities. For example, John worked as a casual laborer in a skin tanning firm which was the only alternative available after his shop sacking out of stock as a result of rising cost of living that made him mathematical function part of the goods to feed his family of six. Such people often have no access to the essentials and services of look and are also subjugated by the main stream social class that is better inform regarding mental health. The poor are among the minority groups whose mental health is at risk due to the proclivity to

Article Summary for MacroEconomics 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

denomination Summary for MacroEconomics 4 - Essay ExampleThe m singley provided by the package was almost over and the acress police, firefighters and teachers were going to lose their jobs. President Obama is once again going to appear before the telling for another $300 jillion to create jobs and wait on the economy. Three rounds of stimulus aid learn already been provided by chair Obama. The round one was openly and fully criticized by the republicans, in round one $200 billion were used to stomach tax cuts, $300 billion were used or the support of those who did not have jobs and $300 billion were used for direct investment in different projects. The outgo on various projects contributed the most in creating jobs. The round two mainly contributed to the bailout of the auto industry of join States and helped a massive deal in creating jobs. The money kick the bucket on bailout of auto industry was recovered and returned by the auto manufacturers. The step of helping th e auto industry was the most successful one as this helped the auto manufacturers in solving their financial issues, this step alone helped in saving to a greater extent than 1.5 million jobs. Before the bailout program, the auto manufacturers were in in truth bad shape and were on the verge of being squeeze out of the market. The bailout of auto manufacturers has a long term positive impact, these firms are currently doing very well up and even employing more employees and posting higher profits. The use of stimulus money in other arenas had very little impact and an overall view suggests that stimulus money invested in other sectors was wasted. The round iii of stimulus help was quite effective as huge amount of jobs were created because people had money to spend and due to increase in demand for goods and services there was increase in demand for more workers. More than $858 billion was played out as a part of the stimulus package money was spent on unemployment assistance pro vided to those who were out of jobs. During summer, the economic growth and employment growth once again halt and jobs created in the private sector decreased. It is even estimated that president Obama will continue providing unemployment assistance to employees. In my opinion, the president could have dealt with the stimulus package in different ways. The stimulus money was used in certain(prenominal) areas that did not turned out to be quite productive. For example the tax subsidy, the unemployment benefit was of no great help in creating jobs. Whereas certain developments made with the stimulus money were quite helpful in diminish unemployment in US. For example investment in projects and bailout of the auto industry. Instead of giving money directly to the trifling individuals and providing them unemployment benefits, stimulus money could have used to finance and bailout other sectors of the economy. This would have helped businesses with their liquidity issues and they woul d have salve themselves from being bankrupt. If businesses would not have closed and money would have been used to help these businesses, employment would have increased. Thus the unemployment assistance would not have been important and neither the tax cuts. The businesses that would have been saved with the help of stimulus money would have made money and they would have paid taxes. Taxes are revenue for the presidency and are necessary for the development of the economy. The taxes

Air Asia Berhard Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

commit Asia Berhard - Research Paper ExampleThis component part of the paper seeks to assess how nisus Asia would change its business model in its effort to expand its trading trading operations in the UK market. One of the major initiatives that the company has emulated in revise to improve its profitability is elaborateness of operations through increasing the number of routes. For example, the company has created connection with various regions within Asia such as Vietnam, Shenzen, Indonesia among others. tied(p) though the company enjoys strong customer loyalty in the domestic market, it has to emulate different strategies in order to penetrate UK market. This is based on the stiff competition and diversified environmental factors that determine the operations of UK airline industry. In the Malaysian market, Air Asia has remained competitive by offering low travelling f ares to its customers. However, this is achieved at the expense of its employees who are given lower sa laries. Due to the stiff competition in the UK airline industry, Air Asia has to increase its wages and salaries in order to motivate its employees. Otherwise, its employees pull up stakes search for jobs in UK airline companies that are offering competitive prices. In the same way, Air Asia has low overhead costs. It is fundamental to note that in its effort to attain a significant share in the UK market, the company must emulate expansion strategies that are similar to those of UK companies. This implies that the company exit have to increase the fare in order to let more revenue thus enhancing its ability to carry out its operations in the UK market. In order to effectively penetrate the market, Air Asia will need to establish its own maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) instalment in UK (Aruan 36). Additionally, the company must establish brass instrument offices in various UK cities. Thus resulting to increased administration costs an aspect that the company is currently trying to avoid. Based on the above discussion, it is clear that Air Asia will have to break a number of its business model to remain competitive in the UK market. However, it is crucial to note that a strategy such as increasing the travelling costs will ultimately affect the loyalty of its customers both locally and internationally. In the same way, increasing employees salaries is a strategy that the company will not only initiate in UK but also in all countries it has established operations. Thus resulting to increased costs and reduced profits. This implies that Air Asia entry of the UK market will be difficult. Paper 2. firstborn Solars multinational business context and internal resources First Solar is a technology company that is based in Arizona. One of the key aspects that have deepen the production capacity of the company is experienced and motivated work force. With more than 5,200 associates, the company has been able to fire a significant capital that has made it possible to diversify its product line thus attracting largish number of customers especially in the European market. During its establishment, First solar specialized in the production of provide products rather than manufacturing of photovoltaics. Based on the expertise of the company founder Harold McMaster in the glass manufacturing, he deviate his skills to the solar industry. He was also

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Law - Essay ExampleBright when he moved in to the house. Mr. Bright brought the prop through Devon Aspects, an estate agent, upon the advice of his solicitors KPG Solicitors who in turn hired Reliable Surveys to do the geomorphological survey of the property. Reliable Surveys assigned the actual task of surveying to Miss Norris, a newly-licensed surveyor.The issue in this case is whether or not Mr. Bright is compensable for his loss in the return he sells his Devon property at its present market value. If he is, the subsequent underlying issue is from whom he shall recover and what benign of action shall he bring before the court. At this stage however, convalescence is a purely alleged(a) matter since Mr. Bright has not yet sold his property and hence, has not yet actually incurred a loss. After a careful perusal and analysis of the problem, taking into account the participation of each and any person and entity involved, the Reliable Surveys stands as the most viable party f rom whom a civil action for recovery of compensation under the case Hedley Byrne v. Heller will be most successful in the event of the actuality of such loss.In the case at bar, Miss Norris, the neophyte surveyor of Reliable Surveys is the raison detre of Mr. Brights present predicament. Her haphazard and lackadaisical examination of the Devon property caused her to miss the crack on the back environ of the aforesaid house and the evident defect in the elevation from the back angle as surface as the dilapidating gutter. Neither did the management of Reliable Surveys subject Miss Norris findings to a review and the basis of her findings which draw the property as good and sound in her report signed on behalf of the former. There is a characteristic negligence on the part of both Miss Norris and her employer in the performance of their obligation.It is only clean to consider filing

Water Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Water interpersonal chemistry - Essay ExampleSolutions Polysaccharide- these are polymers that are made of several chains of either monosaccharide units or disaccharide units Glucose- this is an example of a monosaccharide. It is a simple sugar consisting of a hydroxyl group (OH) in the mental synthesis. Glucose structure Amino acids- organic compounds with an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH). Fats- organic compounds with carbon, hydrogen and group O present in their structure. Fats contain glycerol which houses hydroxyl (OH) group and fatty acids which houses carboxyl (COOH) group. Proteins- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in their structure. Proteins consist of both amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups. 2 Solutions (a) Entropy- this is a measure of how some(prenominal) a trunk is disordered. Denoted by S. (b) Enthalpy- this is the product of pressure of a system and volume of a system added to the internal energy of a system. (c) Gibbs Free Energy- this is t he product of entropy and absolute temperature subtracted from the enthalpy of a system. (d) energy-releasing reaction- this is a chemical reaction in which energy is released in the form of either light or heat. Endothermic reaction- this is a chemical reaction where energy is absorbed from the surrounding. The energy can be in form of heat but not in all cases.

Takeover regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Takeover formula - Essay ExampleThe hostile coup occurs when managers from the desired organization refuse the acquisition tender or merger request, and the original organization continues to pursue the acquisition through alternative, yet legal inwardness. As 1 would assume this process occurs within a variety of structured patterns that differ between countries. Notably, in the unify Kingdom en garde tactics by managers are prohibited, whereas in the fall in States, Delaware law gives managers a intelligent deal of room to manoeuvre. The purpose of this investigation then is the critical assessment of the different regulatory patterns for defensive actions against takeovers within the United States and the United Kingdom. Additionally, the analysis proposes a means of improving on the current practice. Overview morphological Significance of Takeover Regulation In recent years one of the most comprehensive analyses of the divergent takeover regulatory patterns between the United States and the United Kingdom was presented in Armour and Skeels The divergency of U.S. ... the United States regulations are established by the judicial branch of state government and thus slide by to laws that support organizational defense manoeuvres. To a large extent the United States has precluded Wall Street from privatizing takeovers in the same way that the City of London has because 1930s United States federal regulation pre-empted the self-regulation that occurs in the United Kingdom and hindered the ability of institutional investors to collude towards alternative approaches. United States Regulations In only understanding the intentionality behind takeover regulations its necessary to gain a deeper recognition of the history of the regulatory process in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Indeed, Armour and Skeel have argued that the most prominent reasons the United States regulatory process has progressed in this direction, while the United Kingd oms has progressed in a unquestionably pro-shareholder position is because of the history of investor practices. In the United States perhaps the most prominent regulation was established with the 1934 Williams Act. after amended in 1968 this act was established by the Securities and Exchange Commission and required mandatory apocalypse of information related to cash tender offers from companies seeking to acquire another company.2 The 1968 amendment functioned as a means of closing loopholes that had increasingly been exploited in the complex business environment.3 While this regulation seemingly goes against the pervading apprehension that the United States judicial process favors management intervention, legal interpretation of the Williams Act notes that that the law provides equal fortune for management and the offeror to present their cases.4 One of the most notable aspects of the

Compensation And Benefit Problems At United Aryan- Kenya Research Paper

Compensation And Benefit Problems At United Aryan- Kenya - Research base ExampleFindings in this report are products of research in the United Aryan Company ground in Kenya. The researchers carried out fifteen telephone interviews among employees occupying senior positions in branches in Kenya. These were managers with senior decision-making authority. The branches employees many sight from five hundred to ten thousand.The interview covered local citizens as well as those on the job(p) as expatriates. All the branches specialize in the manufacture of all types of clothes for export. Markets are broad and admit countries in Europe, Asia, and others in the Ameri washstand continent. Researchers also prepared questionnaires and handed them to line managers and supervisors. One thousand both hundred copies with positive responses coming from nine hundred and ninety-six pamphlets.The focus of the interview was getting their views on their salaries and other benefits, challenges eman ating from the company remuneration system, areas with potential benefits they consider best in the company compensation scheme. The primary of the challenges United Aryan-Kenya is facing is developing a strategy reminiscent with global benefit standards. The strategy should touch on different needs of employees as applied in other companies with employees from various cultural setups. Trading in the international market provides United Aryan-Kenya with multiple opportunities for growth. The size of the workforce in the international market can be bigger than the one at in the local market depending on the performance of the company.

How far did communism manage to proceed along the road to a classless Essay

How far did communism curb to proceed along the road to a correctless society - Essay ExampleGradually, the worker became a victim of injustice, harassment and exploitation. Protest movements originated. According to Karl Marx, a great social thinker and reformer, the root reach of exploitation is traced to private ownership of the means of production. If this ownership is transferred to State, exploitation will ceaseWhen the exploiter class has been finally done with, with no chances of its rising to power again, the State will be replaced by a classless society. Since there is no private property in a communist state, the individual is lessen to a cog in the giant state wheel. The old exploiter has been removed and a sassy exploiter has taken over. In the name of defeating the counter-revolutionaries, the state apparatus becomes more than and more totalitarian. The process of dehumanisation of the individual gets accelerated. This has been the post-revolution picture in many communist countries.The so-called great ideals of classless society sibylline to be achieved in a perfect state of communism, have proved to be mirage. Those who still ramble by the communist ideology, amidst its failures in many countries, do so for their political advantage, and not with the passion for the eudaemonia of the workers. They are just beating the dead corpse.The Pope calls Marxist ideology inhumane and essentially impossible, he recalls that history has confirmed his position towards Marxism to be correct. The illusion of a classless society, Pope Benedict xvi says, has vanished. Instead of Communist political maximalism the Pope suggests patient charitable and spiritual activity to fight for more justice in the world. (OBrien et. el, 2006)None can deny that Communist rulers are to be blamed for few of the heinous crimes recorded in the human history. Marxist teachings validate such crimes. The concept of classless society, though it has remained as an unattainab le dream so far, the positive effects

Enlish Methods Of Writing For Junior Cert Essay Example for Free

Enlish Methods Of Writing For Junior Cert EssayJunior Cert English usable Writing Introduction and Overview The Functional Writing section of Paper I take ins the student, in as rigorous as possible, to carry through in the style of well-nighbody who each enforces actors line for a living, or is conducting furrow or in-chief(postnominal) matters through make-up or speech. This part of Paper I strays a instruction from fiction, mediocre now is non entirely devoid of opportunities to practice language in a creative or spectacular fashion. In several(prenominal) cases the student may collapse to utilisation their imagination to provide detail to sacrifice their work seem rea slantic and portion out it the au and sotic feel. The marks in Functional Writing be given for the agnizeledge of the style and feeling required for the task, and for the understanding of the format required.Aw beness of Audience and designate In all cases in this section, your choice of language, and your design of facial expression and register get out be laid to you by The intended recipient and/or memoriseing. Your means of deliin truth.In short, you crumb either use a formal or snug style of address. You should take into account the age, status, and size of the audience you are traffic with. Your language should al focal points be exhausting to create the appropriate ideal of both who you are and what youre trying to do.For example, you would use a formal style of address if you were writing a letter to your desire theatre director asking for a loan to start your induce business. Your language would be confident, and not offensive informative, save not laboriously so enthusiastic but not overzealous. The impression created on the bank tutor is that you are reliable, competent and trustworthy, and your business provide be a huge success.For your own amusement you might unavoidableness to write the worst possible letter of application for the homogeneous loan- you would be over-familiar, disrespectful, vague, repetitive, and riddle with inaccuracies much or less yourself and what you wish to do. You can indeed guess what response this would get from the same bank manager going through their morning mail. This then is the let on to Functional writing awareness of the fortify you are to take, and the choice of language to use to reinforce that tone.An example of a task that you would be asked to complete with an everyday style is to imagine that you have been asked by a club that you are involved with to make a video display to a class of twelve year old primary school children to encourage them to join. You would be certifying this verbally, so when you would desexualise your material beforehand, you would stress key breeding on several dos, to avoid having the same basic question repeated infinitely. As your audience would be un wantly to have firsthand feature of what you are taking closely, you woul d use the straightforwardst language possible, and use short, sequential, informative language. You would as well as use an informal tone, as you would want your audience to think your group would be welcoming and fun, not preoccupied with taking everything a alike overseriously.Here is an example of a completely made-up extract from my very busy diary. Con caser the language and tone I would use for each of the get hitched withing tasks in just one day 1000 Book holiday tickets over phone from travel agency.1100 Complete and edit report for old-timer on efficiency of saucily sys.1200 Address fundraising lunch for Kidney Dialysis unit for Childrens Hospital.200 Write kudos card for birth of secretarys daughters first child.300 Deliver presentation to investors on Compevery performance.400 spill to business journalist about new product range.600 Attend parent-teacher meeting at sons new school.800 Coach under 12 team introduce new training drills.1000 persuade very unsympathetic wife that Ive had a long day.At both 1200 and 300 I testament be addressing a group of businesspeople. However, there are differences. People leave behind not want to be overly serious at lunch, so I will be able to use a respectful but informal tone. I may even be able to use language that will influence my audience emotionally. However, at 300 I will have to be very formal and very structured in my use of language and terminology for the business meeting. ask at the way my 1100 task is written.Will I get away with that use of shorthand and slang in the report itself? Of course not what is acceptable as a note for your own use is not acceptable for a report for someone elses practice. Will it be easier to present information to my 300 or 800 appointment? In the after(prenominal)noon everybody will be fresh. Will they be as sharp in the evening? Should my card for my secretarys daughter be written with the same tone and language as my report for my employer? All of these questions are central to the idea of functional writing. Make undisputable what you are doing is appropriate to your task and your audience.Reports.A report can be written for a newspaper, wireless programme, or television broadcast. No matter whether its to be read or spoken, start with the or so important details first. You should deal with the following sequence of facts 1) what has happened 2) how it happened 3) why it happened. The first section, what, will also include where, who and when.A report doesnt only have to include the facts, it can also include opinions, in the form of cites from the germane(predicate) experts and authorities, and also some degree of speculation as to what will happen next, and what consequences there will be. dissimilar a review, the writer is there to convey the truth and facts of the matter. They are to be unbiased, non-judgemental, and let the facts speak for themselves. A heartfelt reporter will trust their audience to make up its head in the even up way once it has all the facts.The Tabloid Unlike the Broadsheet, the Tabloid newspaper makes no bones aboutchoosing spatial relations in a story, and actively tries to persuade its readers to share its opinion. They very much like to take a light hearted approach to news material if at all possible, and frequently use puns in headlines. They also avoid putting in too many views or opinions on any given accede. They like first-hand accounts from people involved in devising the news, and will avoid analysis, as they prefer to be very direct in their focus on the story.The tabloid journalist likes to gain an emotional response from their reader, and will not shy away from showing where their sympathies lie in any given story. They will sometimes choose to present deliberately one-sided reports on what may sometimes be very composite electric receptacles. They like stories that involve celebrities or famous people, and avoid serious treatment of political or frugal bring ons as much as possible. They thrive on scandal, and what they believe is the publics insatiable appetite to see what goes on behind closed doors. Tabloids pride themselves on their extremely in-depth sports coverage.The average reading age (age at which a reader would be expected to understand all contents without difficulty) for a Tabloid newspaper is just nine years. Tabloids like simple and short sentences. They use puns and wordplay to highlight and make memorable the key thrust of their story. They avoid using complicated terminology, and long sentences. They also highlight key-points by having several sub-captions to stories, and by using several illustrations to put across the message visually as well. Tabloids have always been traditionally strong on visual information and colour pictures. In recent years tabloids have chuck out over-reliance on the page-three girl feature as they are trying to encourage more women readers.The Broadsheet A broadsheet news paper is characterised, not only by its plumping size, but by the attitude it takes towards journalism, and the presentation of news stories. Primarily, a broadsheet will focus on political, economic and lifestyle features. It will present its main stories in a very in-depth and detailed format. They will take a very serious tone with the reader, and will avoid anything that might seem to be trivialising an issue, for example, a pun in a headline. They prefer a serious, sombre, and oftencomplex approach to news-stories.Broadsheet newspapers examine not only what happened, but how it happened, why it happened, if it happens frequently, what can be through with(p) about it, and they will also mention when similar events occurred. They like to find many individuals related to the event, and experts to give quotations and opinions on what has happened. The broadsheet journalist likes to appear impartial and unbiased, and avoids any sense that their emotions might be affecting what the y write in any way. They like to convey the impression that they give you the whole truth.Some broadsheet newspapers are physically huge. The average reading age (level of difficulty) for reading a broadsheet and understanding everything in it would be fourteen years, which means you would be able to follow everything. Broadsheets are only now beginning to embrace the possibilities for the use of colour in their papers. Traditionally they have been very black and white affairs, but are increasing the amount of photographs they publish.Reviews.The art of the reviewer is to give the reader just enough a suggestion of what it is youre talking about, just enough to whet their appetite. If you tour of duty a Sunday newspaper, you can find reviews of motorcars, concerts, put downs, restaurants, even hotels Nothing is too small, or too large to avoid being reviewed. You could be required to write a review of a favourite film of yours, or to write a blurb for the back of a novel.Unlike a report, which is essentially factual, a review gives you far more scope to let your opinions and feelings known. You can say what you liked or disliked about what youre reviewing, and that is almost important as a factual description of what youre reviewing. You can create either a very positive or negative impression on your reader by the tone and language you use. You should assume that your reader has a general interest in the area, but may not be familiar with exactly what youre going to tell them about.It is easy to criticise something, and often after reflexion how bad something is, you will find yourself repeating your verdict without informing the reader of why, how or what was bad about it. If you are still looking to fill space, try constructive criticism. Any reviewer can allege whether something is honourable or bad only the inspired reviewer can point out what was done well, and conversely, what opportunities were lost.For example, if you are reviewing the sitcom Fr iends, then you should fill in the background first for the reader. It is advisable to go into some detail about the characters, and then finally to attempt some analysis of why it is you like or dislike it.Interviews.Q Whats the difference between an interview and writing dialogue? A Interviews are essentially pieces of dialogue, but without the qualifying he saids / she saids at the end of each piece of speech. The different parts of the conversation can be put as question and answer exchanges (Q and A), or if it is a more informal interview which is very similar to a conversation, then you can call yourself Interviewer, but refer to your subject by their Surname. Keep your questions short, and let your interviewee expand on them.Q What are the things I should try to do, and what are the most common problems? A A bad question to ask is anything that would encourage your interviewee to give a syllabic answer, of the yes/no variety. A good question is one which gives the interviewe e a chance to illustrate with examples from their life, work, or to mull on events important to their work, lives, and past or future. A good interviewer gets to the point quickly, and their questions will never be longer than the answers they receive.I once interviewed Seamus Heaney while in college, and committed all of the above mistakes. The Sample dress below I have had to invent to cover my embarrassment As well as design in mind your interviewee, bear in mind the audience who will be reading this interview. You want somethingthat is informative, but not technical, and which allows the person or subject to come across well to the reader. There was a fashion recently in newspapers for interviews in which you discovered more about the interviewer than the interviewee, but thankfully, this has now passed.Q So, I basically just make the entire thing up then? But how do I structure it? A If you are stuck as to where to start, pick an example of an interviewee who would be approp riate, and write out the list of questions you would like to ask them. Then all you film to do is invent their answers, going by what you know of them. If youre still stuck, then ask what theyre doing now, what they were doing previously, and what they hope to be doing in six months time. You can also ask if they have achieved all they want to do, or if they think other peoples impressions of them are important. Bear in mind though that your questions will ultimately depend on who the intended audience for the interview is. If they are your age, then ask questions you think your friends would like to know the answers to. Within reason, of course.Speech Writing The skill of speech writing could be relevant to Personal Writing or Functional Writing.How to write, deliver and appreciate a good speech.The key to writing and delivering a good speech is to remember at all times that the speaker unit is dealing with an audience. The writer/speaker must also bear in mind at what occasion t he speech is to be delivered. A speech to be given at an EGM of a company confront with bankruptcy will be drastically different in its structure, tone, and technique than a speech to be given by the same speaker at a wedding later that week How to write a speech.(For this section, we will consider a speech as that which a speaker would be called upon to prepare for a debate, or public speaking competition.) First, read your motion carefully. In the Junior Certificate, you will be invited to speak either for or against the topic. In deciding whether to speak for or against the motion, dont necessarily choose the side of the motion whichyou support choose instead the side of the argument that will give you the most arguments to use in your speech. A good idea is to brainstorm all the possible arguments both for and against, and when you see which side gives you more avenues of thought to pursue, choose it.Second, having chosen your side of the debate, decide that the motion is a good or bad idea becauseThis then will become the argument of your speech. The argument is the central theme which you will introduce, build upon and then summarise. Often it is best to have to have three reasons Example For crownwork penalisation is a good idea because 1. It deters other criminals from committing serious crimes 2. It is cheap, efficient, and labour saving 3. It eliminates the possibility of repeat offences Against Capital Punishment is a bad idea because1. Miscarriages of justice cannot be rectified 2. It makes killing right for some yet wrong for others, thus introducing a double standard when there should be a simple statement that murder is a crime 3. Prisons should be for rehabilitating offenders, not for revenge All of the above statements should then be supported by example, but remember, in a debate, your argument is more important than your examples. A good speaker is always restating their argument a bad speaker is always lost in a fog of example. This is ho w your argument becomes informative and clear.Third, decide on the structure and tone you want to use in your speech. Some speakers may like to start their speech with a story, anecdote or quotation that will then illustrate their arguments to follow. This gives the speaker a chance to make the speech unique, and make it more relevant than a theoretical discussion of some issue that has never had, or will never have any affect on the speaker.What tone are you going to use? Avoid making sweeping statements, such as we all know what this is going to lead to. Instead, pitch such ideas to the audience in the form of rhetorical questions Do we want our society to be like this? Avoid the use of too much jargon, and if you are forced to, make sure to define the term immediately after you first mention it, so the audience will be informed for when they will next hear the term. Do not believe that your audience are already experts on this issue you may need to fill them in on the basicsfirs t. Do not do this in a condescending way, but instead say that you want to focus their attention on the key issues. In this way you will be more persuasive, and less arrogant. Too much arrogance and you will end up alienating your audience from your point of view.Opening comments.Depending on the occasion that the speech is to be delivered, start with the most important dignitaries present, and proceed through your list to the end, which is usually your fellow speakers. A standard opening for a school debate would be Chairperson, Principal, Honoured Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Fellow Students, Fellow Speakers, I have come before you now to speak on the motion that(insert motion here) Continue to refer directly to the audience at intervals throughout your speech, and conclude with a summary of all your arguments, and by thanking the audience for their time and attention.Ladies and Gentlemen, having put forward the facts, I beg you to support/oppose this motion, that(insert motion here) How do you know if you have written a good speech? Imagine you are listening to that speech from the audience. To a member of an audience, no matter where, a good speech will always have the following qualities.1. It will be suited to the tone of the occasion, whether solemn, or celebratory.2. It will be informative, but not so technical that it either confuses or loses you.3. You will be clear at the end of the speech as to why the speaker feels in the way they do about the topic they have spoken on.4. The speech will emphasise why the issue is important to everyday life, rather that some abstract worry that may never affect you.5. You will have been given a definition of the issue, and more importantly, a series of suggestions or steps as to how this issue should be dealt with.6. You will have developed a sympathy for both the speaker and the issue that they spoke upon.

Motivational Case Studies Essay Example for Free

Motivational Case Studies EssayI believe in the Two Men and a Truck case study, the motivational theory that Mrs. Sheets uses is the coating setting theory. Her initial goal was to help support her sons part-time jobs. She created a marketing campaign, although she may not have seen it as such, by designing the stick figure drawing that is still being use today in the company. As a single mother, she did not want to turn away the squall calls that continued to be received, even after her sons went away to college and therefore, she purchased an inexpensive truck and hired two workers to produce the business operations. Mrs. Sheets expanded the company and set out a goal of being the most customer-friendly go company. To assist with this goal, she arranged trainings for her employees, and franchisee employees, where they learn basic customer service tools and how to be a high-functioning team member. These tools acknowledge how to properly answer the phone and to always shake the customers hand when the work is completed. She in like manner asks employees to complete a survey card so the organization can use the feedback as learn opport building blockies.All of these tools helped Mrs.Sheets company become one of the most successful moving companies in the area. In the second case study, the motivational theory that is described is Management by objectives. Mr. Kleinfield took over a Siemens unit in 1998 and immediately requested a change in work shifts, including working weekends. The employees were shocked by what was being requested but also recognized that due to a competitor, their jobs were in jeopardy from a lack of production. Mr. Kleinfield expressed an interest in the work being performed by being in the pulverization and asking questions related to the operations.This interest helped win over the employees and with the new schedules, production times were cut from vi weeks to one. Although the employees did not know what was going on, Mr. Kleinfield recognized what the ultimate goal of the production rapidity was and put a plan into action as soon as he took it over to make it a success. By demonstrating this leadership, he ultimately was offered the CEO position, even though he never worked in any facility for very long, especially as a Consultant, but did have experience in every segment that was associated with Siemens.

Review of communication skills Essay Example for Free

Review of communication skills EssayIn the group interactions, I was a screen out live assistant who was meeting the parents of a young child with behavioural problems.When Mr and Mrs Shaw arrived I called them in to the office using a velvety tone and with a hand gesture I offered them a seat in front of my desk. They invitemed pleased to be meeting me and were very concerned about their tidings Matthew. They were both talking in a calm slow voice with varying tone. I started by asking how Matthews behaviour was at home plate. Mr Shaw was relaxed and sitting in an open posture. He said Matthewss behaviour was finely and there was nothing wrong with him.Mrs Shaw became tensed and looked away from her husband and said she had experienced problems at home when Matthew was around other children, as he would become angry and frustrated over simple things. Mr Shaw sit down upright and told his wife there was nothing wrong with Matthews behaviour and that this was normal. I rea ssured them both that this could be understandable as he is an only child and may not be use to manduction with other children. Maintaining good eye contact I said I was experiencing the same problems in the class as Matthew is becoming very disruptive and a lot of parents are complain that their children are panic-struck of Matthew. Mrs Shaw became very upset and did not keep eye contact with me, and Mr Shaw was now in a closed posture.In a strong tone Mr Shaw demanded what was doing to help Matthew. I leaned forward and using a soft tone I told them the school could offer support for Matthew as long as the parents were willing to help, I then showed them some of Matthews class work and the areas he was doing good in. His mother seemed pleased and became less tensed. I offered a special needs program pointing out the benefits where Matthew could be taken out of the class room for a few hours a week. Mr Shaw became very tensed and leaned back in his chair as his human face muscl es became tight. He said his son did not need a special needs program and this was a waste of time, I went over the benefits o the program again, speaking clearly as I empathize the most important points. Mrs Shaw was unsure and wanted to agree only if her husband would support the program, but she hold to look at the leaflet and consider it with her husband.I explained how one to one help for Matthew would benefit him in his school work and also the other children, I then said they could discuss the program at home and decide, and then they could arrange another interview if they were happy with the program. Mr Shaw stood up and I handed Mrs Shaw the leaflets. I thanked them for their time and shock their hands, I said using a polite tone they could come see me any time if they were unhappy about any thing. I showed them to the door and Mrs Shaw was very thankful for my advice and concord to come back and discuss the program for Matthew. Mr Shaw thanked me but did not shake my h and and made no eye contact with me as he left and I said he was very obtain to come back any time.

Egans Theory Essay Example for Free

Egans Theory EssayThis is a 3- percentage manoeuvre fabric or anatomy act as offered by Egan as utile in assistanceing citizenry solve line of works and develop opportunities. The remainders of utilise the model argon to divine service pile to manage their problems in living more effectively and develop unused opportunities more fully, and to help people become better at helping themselves in their e very(prenominal)day lives. (Egan G., The Skilled Helper, 1998, p7-8). Thus there is an strain on empowerment. Also the person s own order of business is central, and the model seeks to move the person towards execution leading to outcomes which they aim and value. This model is not based on a particular theory of disposition development, nor on a theory of the ways difficulties develop. It is a framework for conceptualising the helping process, and is best used in working on issues in the recent past and the present. As with any model, it provides a map, which can be used in exploring, but which is not the territory itself. The Egan model and mentoring ar not synonymous the model can be used in many kinds of helping relationships, and mentoring/co-mentoring can be done utilise other models, (or none). The model can and should be used flexibly. The model works best if financial aid is paid to Rogers core conditions, the helpers approach to the verbaliser system being based on genuineness, respect, and empathy, and if principles of good active auditory sense argon remembered throughout. The Egan model aims to help the speaker address 3 main questions1. What is going on?2. What do I take instead?3. How might I get to what I want?Not everyone necessitate to address all 3 questions, and at fourth dimensions people may move back into antecedently answered ones. For simplicity, well look at the model sequentially. However, the skilled helper forget work with the speaker in all or any of the stages, and move back and forward, as appropriate. fix up 1 is well-nigh providing a safe place for the speaker to tell their story in their own way, and to be fully hear and ack right offledged. It is about a space where a person can hear and understand their own story. It is alike about gently helping them lift their head to see the wider picture and other perspectives, and to find a point from which to go forward with hope. 1a an expansive partThe helper encourages the speaker to tell their story, and by using good active listening skills and demonstrating the core conditions, helps them to explore and unf darkened the tale, and to reflect. For roughly, this is enough, for others it is just the beginning. .as you summarised what I said, all the sputter began to make sense. Skills in Stage 1a- active listening, reflecting, paraphrasing, checking understanding, open questions, summarising. effectual Questions How do/did you encounter about that? What are/were you call ining? What is/was that like for you? Keep them open Wha t else is there about that? 1b a challenging partSince they are in the situation, it can be difficult for the person speaking to see it clearly, or from different angles. With the help of empathic reflections and challenges, the speaker uncovers fraud spots or gaps in their perceptions and assessment of the situation, of others and ofthemselves their patterns, the impact of their behaviour on the situation, their strengths. Id never thought about how it might feel from my colleagues point of view. * Skills Challenging different perspectives, patterns and connections, shoulds and oughts, negative self-talk, blind spots (discrepancies, distortions, incomplete awareness, things implied, whats not said), ownership, circumstantials, strengths. * Useful Questions* How do others see it/you?* Is there anything youve overlooked?* What does he/she think/feel?* What would s/he say about all this?* What about all of this is a problem for you?* Any other way of looking at it?1c -Focussing an d mournful forwardPeople often feel stuck that is why they want to talk. In this stage, the helper seeks to move the speaker from stuckness to hope by helping Them choose an area that they have the energy to move forward on, that would make a difference and benefit them. I see now the key place to get started is my relationship with K * Skills Facilitating focussing and prioritising an area to work on. * Useful Questions* What in all of this is the most important?* What would be best to work on now?* What would make the most difference?* What is manageable?Stage 1 can be 5 proceedings or 5 years it may be all someone needs. Stage 2 What do I want instead?People often move from problem to action, or problem to solution, without reflecting on what they really want, or in what way their problems might be opportunities. Stage 2 is about this, about helping the speaker to open up a picture of what they really want, and how things could be better. This stage is very important in genera ting energy and hope. 2a a creative partThe helper helps the speaker to brainstorm their standard scenario if youcould wake up tomorrow with everything just how you want it, like your ideal world, what would it be like? The speaker is encouraged to broaden their horizon and be imaginative, rather than reflect on practicalities. For some people this is scary, for some liberating. At first it was really difficult but after a while I kilobyte my imagination go and began to get really excited about what we could achieve in the department. * Skills Brainstorming, facilitating imaginative thinking, i.e. * measure vs. Quality Anything goes have fun* Write down ideas verbatim, dont analyse or judge* Keep propel what else?* Dont hurry, allow lots of time* Useful Questions* What do you ideally want instead?* What would be occurrence?* What would you be doing/thinking/feeling?* What would you have that you dont have now?* What would it be like if it were better / a bit better? 2b a real ity testing partFrom the creative and visionary brainstorm, the speaker formulates goals which are specific, measurable, achievable/appropriate (for them, in their circumstances), realistic (with reference to the real world), and have a time frame attached, i.e. SMART goals. Goals which are demanding yet achievable are motivating. It feels good to be clear that I want a clear understanding with my colleagues about our respective rules and responsibilities. * Skills facilitating selecting and reality checking with respect to internal and out-of-door landscape. * Useful Questions* What exactly is your goal?* How would you know when youve got there?* What could you manage/are you likely to achieve?* Which feels best for you?* come on of all that, what would be realistic?* When do you want to achieve it by?2c moving forwardThis stage aims to test the realism of the goal before the person moves to action, and to help the speaker check their fealty to the goal by reviewing the costs a nd benefits to them of achieving it. Is it worth it? It feels risky but I need to resolve this. * Skills facilitation of exploring costs and benefits, and checking commitment to goal. * Useful Questions* What exit be the benefits when you achieve this?* How pull up stakes it be different for you when youve done this? * What will be the costs of doing this? Any disadvantages/downsides to doing this? Stage 3 How will I get there?This is the how stage how will the person move towards the goals they have identified in Stage 2? It is about possible strategies and specific actions, about doing something to get started, whilst considering what/who might help and hinder making the change. 3a another creative partThe speaker is helped to brainstorm strategies 101 ways to achieve the goal again with prompting and encouragement to think widely. What people, places, ideas, organisations could help? The aim is to free up the person to generate refreshful and different ideas for action, br eaking out of old mind-sets. There were gems of possibilities from seemingly crazy ideas. * Skills Facilitation of brainstorming* Useful Questions* How many different ways are there for you to do this? * Who/what might help?* What has worked before/for others?* What about some wild ideas?3b focussing in on appropriate strategiesWhat from the brainstorm might be selected as a strategy that is realistic for the speaker, in their circumstances, consonant with their values? Forcefield analysis can be used here to look at what internal and external factors (individuals and organisations) are likely to help and hinder action and how these can be strengthened or corrupted respectively. I would feel comfortable trying to have a conversation with him about how he seesthings. * Skills for Stage 3b Facilitation of selecting and reality checking. * Useful Questions* Which of these ideas appeals most?* Which is most likely to work for you?* Which are within your resources/control?3c moving t o actionThe aim is to help the speaker plan the following(a) steps. The strategy is broken into bite-size chunks of action. Here the speaker is doing almost all the work, producing their action plan. The helper works with them to turn good intention into specific plans with time scales. Whilst being encouraging, its also important not to push the speaker into saying theyll do things to please the helper. I will make sure we have time together before the end of the month. I will book a meeting, so that we can be sure of quiet uninterrupted time. I will organise this before Friday. * Skills Facilitation of action planning.* Useful Questions* What will you do first? When?* What will you do next? When?If the end point of producing an action plan has been reached, the experience of trying it out could be the starting point for a follow-up mentoring/co-mentoring session. The work would start in stage I again, telling a new story. If an action plan had not been reached, thats fine too, an d the model can be used over a series of sessions. The key in using the model, as with any theory or model, is to keep the speakers agenda central, the individual in the foreground and theory in the background, and to use the model for the person, rather than vice versa.

Genetically Foods Essay Example for Free

genetically Foods EssayGenetically- modified nutritions (GM aliments) gain made a big splash in the risings lately. European environmental organizations and populace fire groups flip been actively pro streaking against GM intellectual nourishments for months, and recent controversial studies active the effects of genetically-modified edible edible corn whiskey whisky pollen on monarch squeeze caterpillars1, 2 dupe brought the issue of genetic engineering to the forefront of the state-supported consciousness in the U. S. In response to the ups considerablying of public concern, the U. S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held triad easy meetings in Chicago, Washington, D. C., and Oak impart, California to solicit public flavors and begin the process of establishing a new regulatory subroutine for government approval of GM fares3. I attended the FDA meeting held in November 1999 in Washington, D. C. , and here I leave behind attempt to summarize the issues invo lved and explain the U. S. governments present case in regulating GM food. What argon genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most comm further used to refer to civilize bases cr eated for benignant or animal consumption apply the latest molecular biology techniques.These plants strike been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such(prenominal) as increase resistance to herbicides or improved nutritionary content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods clear be genuinely time consuming and atomic number 18 often non very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the opposite hand, screwing wee plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. For lawsuit, plant geneticists piece of ass isolate a gene responsible for drought tolerance and insert that gene into a incompatible plant.The new gen etically-modified plant go out gain drought tolerance as well. Not only can genes be transferred from ace plant to a nonher, but genes from non-plant organisms as well as can be used. The best kn suffer example of this is the use of B. t. genes in corn and other crops. B. t. , or Bacillus thuringiensis, is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces quartz proteins that atomic number 18 lethal to insect larvae. B. t. crystal protein genes have been transferred into corn, enabling the corn to produce its accept pesticides against insects such as the European corn borer.For devil informative overviews of some of the techniques involved in creating GM foods, anticipate Biotech Basics (sponsored by Monsanto) http//www. biotechk without delayledge. monsanto. com/biotech/bbasics. nsf/index or Techniques of Plant bioengineering from the National Center for Biotechnology learning http//www. ncbe. reading. ac. uk/NCBE/GMFOOD/techniques. What atomic number 18 some of the advanta ges of GM foods? The world population has topped 6 billion slew and is predicted to reiterate in the next 50 familys. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come.GM foods promise to meet this learn in a number of guidances Pest resistance Crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmers typically use umpteen tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do non wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential wellness hazards, and run-off of rural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. festering GM foods such as B. t.corn can support eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the speak to of bringing a crop to market4, 5. Herbicide tolerance For some crops, it is non constitute-ef fective to remove widows weeds by physical means such as tilling, so farmers leave alone often spray big(p) quantities of incompatible herbicides (weed-killer) to degrade weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires care so that the herbicide doesnt harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resistant to one very powerful herbicide could help embarrass environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides destinyed.For example, Monsanto has formd a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be non affected by their herbicide product Roundup 6. A farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off7. Disease resistance thither are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases8, 9.Cold tolerance Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive substantiatedlings. An anti looseze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able-bodied to tolerate cold temperatures that normally would kill unadapted seedlings10. (Note I have not been able to find any journal articles or bares that involve fish antifreeze proteins in strawberries, although I have seen such reports in newspapers. I can only conclude that nothing on this application has yet been promulgated or patented.)Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance As the world population grows and more than land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers forget need to grow crops in locations previously uncongenial for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places11, 12. Nutrition Malnutrition is universal in third world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a single crop such as sieve for the main staple of their diet.However, sift does not contain adequate amounts of all un keep offable nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness receivable to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of roaring rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A)13.Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation14, a non- pull ahead organization, the Institute hopes to offer the golden rice seed free to any third world country that requests it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice that also has increased iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these two rice strains was not renewed, by chance because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice whitethorn not come to market at all15.Pharmaceuticals Medicines and vaccines often are costly to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not readily available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes16, 17. These vaccines will be much easier to ship, store and administer than traditional injectable vaccines. Phytoremediation Not all GM plants are self-aggrandizing as crops. Soil and groundwater taint continues to be a problem in all split of the world. Plants such as poplar trees have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil18.How prevalent are GM crops? What plants are involved? According to the FDA and the United States Department of horticulture ( factory farm), on that point are ove r 40 plant varieties that have completed all of the federal requirements for commercializedisation (http//vm. cfsan. fda. gov/%7Elrd/biocon). Some examples of these plants include tomatoes and cantalopes that have modified ripening characteristics, soybeans and sugarbeets that are resistant to herbicides, and corn and cotton plants with increased resistance to insect pests.Not all these products are available in supermarkets yet however, the prevalence of GM foods in U. S. grocery stores is more widespread than is commonly thought. While there are very, very few genetically-modified whole fruits and vegetables available on produce stands, highly processed foods, such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals, most likely contain some tiny percentage of genetically-modified ingredients because the raw ingredients have been pooled into one processing stream from many different sources.Also, the ubiquity of soybean derivatives as food additives in the mod American diet virtually ensure s that all U. S. consumers have been exposed to GM food products. The U. S. statistics that follow are derived from data presented on the USDA web site at http//www. ers. usda. gov/briefing/biotechnology/. The global statistics are derived from a brief published by the International process for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) at http//www. isaaa. org/publications/briefs/Brief_21. htm and from the Biotechnology Industry Organization at http//www. bio.org/foodag/1999Acreage.Thirteen countries grew genetically-engineered crops commercially in 2000, and of these, the U. S. produced the majority. In 2000, 68% of all GM crops were grown by U. S. farmers. In comparison, Argentina, Canada and China produced only 23%, 7% and 1%, respectively. Other countries that grew commercial GM crops in 2000 are Australia, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay. Soybeans and corn are the top two most wide grown crops (82% of all GM crops harvest ed in 2000), with cotton, rapeseed (or canola) and potatoes trailing behind.74% of these GM crops were modified for herbicide tolerance, 19% were modified for insect pest resistance, and 7% were modified for both herbicide tolerance and pest tolerance. Globally, land area of GM crops has increased 25-fold in just 5 years, from approximately 4. 3 cardinal acres in 1996 to 109 million acres in 2000 almost twice the area of the United Kingdom. Approximately 99 million acres were devoted to GM crops in the U. S. and Argentina alone. In the U. S. , approximately 54% of all soybeans urbane in 2000 were genetically-modified, up from 42% in 1998 and only 7% in 1996.In 2000, genetically-modified cotton varieties accounted for 61% of the total cotton crop, up from 42% in 1998, and 15% in 1996. GM corn and also experienced a similar but less dramatic increase. Corn production increased to 25% of all corn grown in 2000, about the same as 1998 (26%), but up from 1. 5% in 1996. As anticipated, pesticide and herbicide use on these GM varieties was slashed and, for the most part, yields were increased (for details, see the UDSA publication at http//www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer786/). What are some of the criticisms against GM foods?Environmental activists, religious organizations, public interest groups, victor associations and other scientists and government officials have all raised concerns about GM foods, and criticized agribusiness for pursuing profit without concern for potential hazards, and the government for droping to exercise adequate regulatory oversight. It seems that everyone has a strong opinion about GM foods. Even the Vatican19 and the Prince of Wales20 have expressed their opinions. Most concerns about GM foods fall into three categories environmental hazards, human health finds, and economic concerns.Environmental hazards Unintended harm to other organisms Last year a laboratory study was published in Nature21 showing that pollen from B. t. cor n caused high mortality evaluate in monarch butterfly caterpillars. Monarch caterpillars consume milkweed plants, not corn, but the fear is that if pollen from B. t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields, the caterpillars could eat the pollen and perish. Although the Nature study was not conducted under natural field conditions, the results seemed to support this viewpoint.Unfortunately, B. t. toxins kill many species of insect larvae indiscriminately it is not viable to design a B. t. toxin that would only kill crop-damaging pests and remain harmless to all other insects. This study is cosmos reexamined by the USDA, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other non-government research groups, and preliminary data from new studies suggests that the sea captain study whitethorn have been flawed22, 23. This topic is the subject of acrimonious debate, and both sides of the argument are argue their data vigorously.Currently, there is no a greement about the results of these studies, and the potential risk of harm to non-target organisms will need to be evaluated further. Reduced effectiveness of pesticides Just as some populations of mosquitoes unquestionable resistance to the now-banned pesticide DDT, many people are concerned that insects will become resistant to B. t. or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides.Gene transfer to non-target species Another concern is that crop plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These superweeds would then be herbicide tolerant as well. Other introduced genes may cross over into non-modified crops planted next to GM crops. The possibility of interbreeding is shown by the defense of farmers against lawsuits filed by Monsanto. The company has filed patent infringement lawsuits against farmers who may have harvested GM crop s. Monsanto claims that the farmers obtained Monsanto-licensed GM seeds from an unknown source and did not pay royalties to Monsanto.The farmers claim that their unmodified crops were cross-pollinated from someone elses GM crops planted a field or two away. More investigation is needed to resolve this issue. There are several possible solutions to the three problems mentioned above. Genes are exchanged between plants via pollen. Two ways to ensure that non-target species will not receive introduced genes from GM plants are to create GM plants that are male sterile (do not produce pollen) or to modify the GM plant so that the pollen does not contain the introduced gene24, 25, 26.Cross-pollination would not occur, and if harmless insects such as monarch caterpillars were to eat pollen from GM plants, the caterpillars would survive. Another possible solution is to create buffer zones around fields of GM crops27, 28, 29. For example, non-GM corn would be planted to surround a field of B . t. GM corn, and the non-GM corn would not be harvested. practiced or harmless insects would have a condom in the non-GM corn, and insect pests could be allowed to destroy the non-GM corn and would not develop resistance to B. t. pesticides.Gene transfer to weeds and other crops would not occur because the wind-blown pollen would not travel beyond the buffer zone. Estimates of the necessary width of buffer zones range from 6 meters to 30 meters or more30. This planting method may not be feasible if too much acreage is compulsory for the buffer zones. Human health risks Allergenicity legion(predicate) children in the US and Europe have developed wicked allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an sensitized reaction in susceptible individuals.A proposition to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans was abandoned because of the fear of causing unexpected allergic reactions31. E xtensive testing of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Labeling of GM foods and food products will acquire new importance, which I shall discuss later. Unknown effects on human health There is a growing concern that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have an unexpected and negative impact on human health.A recent article published in Lancet examined the effects of GM potatoes on the digestive tract in rats32, 33. This study claimed that there were appreciable differences in the intestines of rats fed GM potatoes and rats fed unmodified potatoes. Yet critics say that this paper, like the monarch butterfly data, is flawed and does not hold up to scientific scrutiny34. Moreover, the gene introduced into the potatoes was a snowdrop flower lectin, a substance known to be toxic to mammals.The scientists who created this variety of potato chose to use the lectin gene simply to test the methodology, and these potatoes were never intended for human or animal consumption. On the whole, with the exception of possible allergenicity, scientists believe that GM foods do not present a risk to human health. Economic concerns Bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and costly process, and of course agri-biotech companies wish to ensure a gainful return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness.Yet consumer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor. It is hoped that in a humanitarian gesture, more companies and non-profits will follow the lead of the Rockefeller Foundation and offer their products at reduced cost to impoverished nations. Patent enforcement may also be difficult, as the con tention of the farmers that they involuntarily grew Monsanto-engineered strains when their crops were cross-pollinated shows.One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a suicide gene into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only one growing season and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. Farmers would need to buy a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy seed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season.In an open letter to the public, Monsanto has pledge to abandon all research using this suicide gene technology35. How are GM foods workd and what is the governments role in this process? Governments around the world are hard at work to establish a regulatory process to monitor the effects of and approve new varieties of GM plants. Yet depending on the political, neighborly and economi c climate within a region or country, different governments are responding in different ways.In Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has proclaimed that health testing of GM foods will be mandatary as of April 200136, 37. Currently, testing of GM foods is voluntary. Japanese supermarkets are offering both GM foods and unmodified foods, and customers are beginning to show a strong preference for unmodified fruits and vegetables. Indias government has not yet announced a insurance on GM foods because no GM crops are grown in India and no products are commercially available in supermarkets yet38.India is, however, very supportive of transgenic plant research. It is highly likely that India will decide that the benefits of GM foods outweigh the risks because Indian agriculture will need to adopt drastic new measures to counteract the countrys endemic poverty and feed its exploding population. Some states in Brazil have banned GM crops entirely, and the Brazilian Institute for the Defense of Consumers, in collaboration with Greenpeace, has filed suit to prevent the importation of GM crops39,.Brazilian farmers, however, have resorted to smuggling GM soybean seeds into the country because they fear economic harm if they are ineffectual to compete in the global marketplace with other grain-exporting countries. In Europe, anti-GM food protestors have been especially active. In the last few years Europe has experienced two major foods scares bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad terrify disease) in Great Britain and dioxin-tainted foods originating from Belgium. These food scares have undermined consumer confidence about the European food supply, and citizens are determine to trust government information about GM foods.In response to the public outcry, Europe now requires mandatory food recording labeling of GM foods in stores, and the European Commission (EC) has naturalised a 1% scepter for contamination of unmodified foods with GM food products40. In the Un ited States, the regulatory process is confused because there are three different government agencies that have jurisdiction over GM foods. To put it very simply, the EPA evaluates GM plants for environmental safety, the USDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow, and the FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat.The EPA is responsible for regulating substances such as pesticides or toxins that may cause harm to the environment. GM crops such as B. t. pesticide-laced corn or herbicide-tolerant crops but not foods modified for their nutritional value fall under the purview of the EPA. The USDA is responsible for GM crops that do not fall under the umbrella of the EPA such as drought-tolerant or disease-tolerant crops, crops grown for animal feeds, or whole fruits, vegetables and grains for human consumption. The FDA historically has been concerned with pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products and additives, not whole foods. at a lower place current guidelines, a geneti cally-modified ear of corn sold at a produce stand is not regulated by the FDA because it is a whole food, but a box of cornflakes is regulated because it is a food product. The FDAs stance is that GM foods are substantially equivalent to unmodified, natural foods, and therefore not subject to FDA regulation. The EPA conducts risk estimation studies on pesticides that could potentially cause harm to human health and the environment, and establishes tolerance and residue levels for pesticides.There are strict limits on the amount of pesticides that may be applied to crops during growth and production, as well as the amount that remains in the food afterwards processing. Growers using pesticides mustiness have a license for each pesticide and must follow the directions on the label to accord with the EPAs safety standards. Government inspectors may periodically visit farms and conduct investigations to ensure compliance. Violation of government regulations may result in impregnate fines, loss of license and even jail sentences.As an example the EPA regulatory approach, consider B.t. corn. The EPA has not established limits on residue levels in B. t corn because the B. t. in the corn is not sprayed as a chemical pesticide but is a gene that is integrated into the genetic material of the corn itself. Growers must have a license from the EPA for B. t corn, and the EPA has issued a letter for the 2000 growing season requiring farmers to plant 20% unmodified corn, and up to 50% unmodified corn in regions where cotton is also cultivated41.This planting strategy may help prevent insects from developing resistance to the B.t. pesticides as well as provide a refuge for non-target insects such as Monarch butterflies. The USDA has many internal divisions that share responsibility for assessing GM foods. Among these divisions are APHIS, the Animal Health and Plant Inspection Service, which conducts field tests and issues permits to grow GM crops, the Agricultural Resear ch Service which performs in-house GM food research, and the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service which oversees the USDA risk assessment program.The USDA is concerned with potential hazards of the plant itself. Does it harbor insect pests? Is it a noxious weed? leave it cause harm to indigenous species if it escapes from farmers fields? The USDA has the power to impose quarantines on problem regions to prevent movement of suspected plants, restrict import or export of suspected plants, and can even destroy plants cultivated in violation of USDA regulations. Many GM plants do not require USDA permits from APHIS.A GM plant does not require a permit if it meets these 6 criteria 1) the plant is not a noxious weed 2) the genetic material introduced into the GM plant is stably integrated into the plants own genome 3) the function of the introduced gene is known and does not cause plant disease 4) the GM plant is not toxic to non-target organisms 5) the introduced gene will not cause the creation of new plant viruses and 6) the GM plant cannot contain genetic material from animal or human pathogens (see http//www. aphis. usda.gov80/bbep/bp/7cfr340 ).The current FDA policy was developed in 1992 (Federal Register Docket No. 92N-0139) and states that agri-biotech companies may voluntarily ask the FDA for a consultation. Companies working to create new GM foods are not required to consult the FDA, nor are they required to follow the FDAs recommendations after the consultation. Consumer interest groups wish this process to be mandatory, so that all GM food products, whole foods or otherwise, must be approved by the FDA before being released for commercialization.The FDA counters that the agency currently does not have the time, money, or resources to carry out exhaustive health and safety studies of every proposed GM food product. Moreover, the FDA policy as it exists today does not allow for this type of intervention. How are GM foods labeled? La beling of GM foods and food products is also a contentious issue. On the whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market.If consumers show preference for labeled foods over non-labeled foods, then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer. Consumer interest groups, on the other hand, are demanding mandatory labeling. People have the right to know what they are eating, argue the interest groups, and historically industry has proven itself to be punic at self-compliance with existing safety regulations.The FDAs current position on food labeling is governed by the Food, Drug and decorative Act which is only concerned with food additives, not whole foods or food products that are considered GRAS in general recognized as safe. The FDA contends that GM foods are substantially equivalent to non-GM foods, and therefore not subject to more stringent labeling. If all GM food s and food products are to be labeled, Congress must enact wholesale changes in the existing food labeling policy. There are many questions that must be answered if labeling of GM foods becomes mandatory.First, are consumers willing to absorb the cost of such an initiative? If the food production industry is required to label GM foods, factories will need to construct two separate processing streams and monitor the production lines accordingly. Farmers must be able to keep GM crops and non-GM crops from mixing during planting, harvesting and shipping. It is almost assured that industry will pass along these additional costs to consumers in the form of higher prices. Secondly, what are the acceptable limits of GM contamination in non-GM products?The EC has determined that 1% is an acceptable limit of cross-contamination, yet many consumer interest groups argue that only 0% is acceptable. Some companies such as Gerber baby foods42 and Frito-Lay43 have pledged to avoid use of GM foods in any of their products. But who is going to monitor these companies for compliance and what is the penalty if they fail? Once again, the FDA does not have the resources to carry out testing to ensure compliance. What is the level of detectability of GM food cross-contamination?Scientists agree that current technology is unable to detect minute quantities of contamination, so ensuring 0% contamination using existing methodologies is not guaranteed. Yet researchers disagree on what level of contamination really is detectable, especially in highly processed food products such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals where the vegetables used to need these products have been pooled from many different sources. A 1% threshold may already be beneath current levels of detectability. Finally, who is to be responsible for educating the public about GM food labels and how costly will that gentility be?Food labels must be designed to clearly convey accurate information about the product in simple language that everyone can understand. This may be the greatest challenge face be a new food labeling policy how to educate and inform the public without damaging the public trust and causing alarm or fear of GM food products. In January 2000, an international plow agreement for labeling GM foods was established44, 45. More than 130 countries, including the US, the worlds largest producer of GM foods, signed the agreement.The policy states that exporters must be required to label all GM foods and that importing countries have the right to judge for themselves the potential risks and pass GM foods, if they so choose. This new agreement may spur the U. S. government to resolve the domestic food labeling dilemma more rapidly. Conclusion Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help hold dear and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides.Y et there are many challenges ahead for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling. Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the future and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintentional harm to human health and the environment as a result of our enthusiasm for this powerful technology.