Human Trafficking In Cambodia Criminology Essay

Human Trafficking In Cambodia Criminology EssayHuman trafficking is considered as nonp aril of the most problematic issues in today worlds society. Since this problem happens throughout the world, it is needed to deal with it glob entirelyy. For ASEAN take aim, human beings trafficking is one of the trans subject crimes that take place across national borders or take place within one solid ground scarce their consequences significantly affect opposite(a) country. Likewise, Cambodia in like manner faces with this kind of stark crime as a transit, origin, and recipient nation.I.1 Types of human traffickingThere argon numerous types of human trafficking. One of them is the hale labor. According to the International weary Organization (ILO), forced labor is a impart or good exacted from a someone under threat or penalty which includes penal sanctions and the loss of rights and freedom. other type is devolve onual evolution. In this type of trafficking, marketers rectify to deception in terms of enlisting particularly through the declargon of well-paid jobs, yet victims who behave been abroad be locked in apartments with their passports confiscated by traffickers who cart them to work in prostitution. Victims ar promised that they will put up freedom solely after earning for the cost of their purchase price as well as their travel and visa costs. Other type of human trafficking is organ removal, and the victims of such(prenominal) trafficking mostly ar children. The children argon removed their organ for the purpose of mendicity and peddling (selling small equipment, flowers and cig bettes). Besides these, forced marriage excessively considered as one type of human trafficking. The practice of forced marriage occurs on a significant scale today. In Cambodian society, especially in rural atomic number 18as we can see that parents always forced their daughter to conjoin to foreigner on the hope of improving their living condition . Unfortunately, their daughter someway exploited by foreigner as domestic workers or sex slaves. Last provided not least, illegal adoption of children is in any case another(prenominal) form of human trafficking since it involves the selling and buying children or baby illegitimately between parents and buyers. In this kind of trafficking, ascribable to unclear family plan or unwanted pregnancy, parents often sell their kids to buyers for the purpose of adoption as they are miserable. This is also kind of human trafficking since it is not legally recognized.After cosmos aware of all types of human trafficking, it is also important to know who the trafficker and the trafficked are. Traffickers are recruiters, transporters or exploiters. However, mostly women play a role during the recruitment and victimization process. For instance, she mogul be the one who go to contact the victim directly. Then, male trafficker is the transporters and managers during the exploitation pro cess within the trafficking network. For the trafficked person, adult women are mostly known as victims followed by children. Plus, men are victims of human trafficking as well.II. Current situationVictims of human trafficking in Cambodia particularly men, women, and children are trafficked for sexual and labor exploitation in Thailand, Malaysia, Macao, and Taiwan.Specifically, men are trafficked for forced labor in the agriculture, fishing, and construction industries magical spell women are trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor in factories or as domestic servants.For instance, they might be serving as house keeper and maid for flavor after their bosss child. Furthermore, it is not surprisingly that children are creation trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor such as begging, flower selling and so on. As the transition, Cambodia is a transit country for human trafficking from Vietnam to Thailand and as the destination, Cambodia is a destination countr y for victims of sexual exploitation from Vietnam and China especially, women and children. In fact, inseparable trafficking in Cambodia is considered to be predominantly for the purpose of technical sexual exploitation basically in urban and tourist areas, including to Phnom Penh and to Sihanouk Ville. Increasingly, young women are being recruited to work in karaoke, beer garden, bar, club and so on. These women are employed as a job in a restaurant or as a waitress in an entertainment place. Even though they are often not physically forced to have sex with clients, the women shut up face with sexual harassment committed by their customer while they work. Besides this, currently trafficking in children, particularly very young children and children who are disabling are also recruited to sell stuffs which in clued newspaper and flowers on the streets. A small piece are recruited for work in other sectors, such as domestic work or in restaurants. Trafficking from Cambodia also t akes place for the purpose of labor exploitation in a number of industries, including construction and so on. What is more, Cambodian men are being trafficked to work in Thailands fishing industry suffer from long working hours, unplayful working conditions and physical abuse.III. Causes and Effects of human trafficking in CambodiaHuman trafficking in Cambodia is caused by many factors. One of the most important causes of human trafficking is poverty. want is an important factor which has increased women and childrens vulnerability to human traffickers particularly the poor and unemployed since they have will to join or they are level of awareness on the dangers associated with human trafficking is low. Poverty again is considered as the important root behind their decisions that nettle they decide to migrate for work. In appurtenance to poverty, the want of education and unemployment there are also significant complaisant and culture factors that contribute to human traffic king. For instance, culture norms that perpetuate a lack of respect women increase the likelihood of them being exploited. Similarly, the perception of children as net earners also increases the likelihood of them being trafficked. Moreover, the low level of education, family debt, agriculture failure, lack of land and off-season work were pushing people to the big cities or other countries as the men go into construction, women into services and prostitution. Last but by all odds not least, broken families, disaster, uneven economic development, lack of border controls, socio-economic derangement between the rural and urban areas, increased tourism, unsafe migration are also significant contributing factors to human trafficking.After getting to know the grow of human trafficking, it is also important to understand its effects. In fact, human trafficking has many consequences. First, the spread of HIV/AIDS is one of the consequences of human trafficking. For instance, many vict ims of human trafficking are physically and sexually abused. Trafficked women are often not in a position of negotiate safe sex, or lack portal to education about HIV/AIDS. Therefore, they can transmit the disease to the beside customers. That is the reason that HIV/AIDS can spread from one person to another person easily. The victims not only suffer from HIV/AIDS, but also often suffer from stigmatization by their communities. Moreover, many are treated as criminals by officials in countries of transit and destination due to their irregular status in the country, and their status as illegal workers or sex workers. What is more, human trafficking is generating the violation of human right. As we know that the victims are forced to do the prostitute and other kind of exploitations. In this case, there will be a human right violation concern.IV. Solutions of Cambodian GovernmentIn fact, The Royal Government of Cambodia does not stand sleek over without taking any actions. For this reason, the governing has implemented several appliances. The first machine is the prosecution. It is making some many significant efforts for example, the governance created a national anti-trafficking task force to improve the interagency response to trafficking and coordination with urbane society, increased constabulary enforcement action against traffickers and complicit officials, and undertook stay freshion activities. Besides this, in February 2008, Cambodias new Law on the Suppression of Human Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation was declared sagely and went into effect immediately. This law provides enforcement authorities and the power of investigate all forms of trafficking, and it is also a powerful tool in efforts to prosecute and convict traffickers and make them face with strict punishments. The Ministry of Interior (MOI) account 53 trafficking cases from April 2007 to March 2008, 35 cases were sex trafficking involving 60 victims and 11 were labo r trafficking cases involving 106 victims. The MOI reported that 65 traffickers were arrested during the insurance coverage period. The Phnom Penh Municipal Court convicted 52 trafficking offenders. The MOI Department of Anti-Trafficking and Juvenile Protection reported 52 cases, involving 65 trafficking offenders. There is also a figure that we get from non-state actors such as NGOs. For instance, NGOs reported 19 labor trafficking cases. In February 2008, found Minister Hun Sen ordered the Ministry of Commerce to annul business licenses for marriage agencies, call that kind of business is also a form of human trafficking. Another mechanism of combating human trafficking in Cambodia is the protection. The Royal Government of Cambodia improved its efforts in providing protection to victims of trafficking while continuing to rely on NGOs and international organizations. Victims are not treated as criminals. For instance, the victims are provided with education or adroitness in or der to make them have jobs to support their living. For foreign victims, they are provided temporary residence in shelters, education, and counseling services while they are waiting for repatriation. Last but definitely not least mechanism is the prevention. The Royal Government of Cambodia demonstrated concrete efforts to prevent trafficking. In April 2007, the government established a National Task Force (NTF) comprising 11 government ministries, three government agencies, and more than 200 international and local NGOs. The NTF has an backsliding mechanism known as the High Level Working Group, chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior. This illustrated that this is the first time that we have such coordinated anti-trafficking efforts across government ministries and agencies, and also civil society. In coordination with civil society, the NTF launched a nationwide anti-trafficking campaign using positive messages incorporating Khmer determine and cultural tr aditions to inspire Cambodians to take action against human trafficking. The campaign accent trafficking as a national priority and launched a national confabulation on trafficking via public forums across Cambodia. More interestingly, Cambodia also has international cooperation in combating human trafficking.V. ConclusionI would recommend Cambodian government hide the implementation of the anti-trafficking mechanisms and provide law enforcement mechanisms to government officials on the new law. Moreover, significantly improve the number of prosecutions, convictions, and punishments of trafficking persons. What is more, the government should continue to enhance cooperation and collaboration with civil society under the direction of the National Task Force. Last but definitely not least, government of Cambodia should increase efforts to prosecute sex tourists and those facilitating commercial sexual exploitation of children. In addition to that, here is also another general recomm endation such as protect the rights of victims. According to the UN prescript on Human Rights which states that the human rights of trafficked persons shall be at the center of all efforts to prevent and combat trafficking and to protect, assist and provide redress to victims., the needs and rights of victims should be considered at every stage in proceedings. Furthermore, in order to prevent and protect successfully, the demand of customers should be reduced since the demand reduction must(prenominal) be linked to the prevention and protection. Another recommendation is the establishing of policies. The complexities of the trafficking problem quest efforts by relevant entities at the local, national, regional, and international levels. Therefore, it is vitally to form confederacy with intergovernmental organizations, governments, NGOs, international organizations, communities and families confronted with trafficking.